Papier de conférence
Jadoulle, P., Dubois, T., Degrave, P., & Paquot, M. (2026). Les MOOCs sont-ils vraiment accessibles ? Motivations, attitudes, et défis des participants non-anglophones. Colloque AUTPIC.
Frey, J.-C., König, A., Naets, H., Stemle, E., & Paquot, M. (2026). LC-meta: A core metadata schema for L2 data documentation. American Association of Corpus Linguistics (AACL2026), University of Florida.
Liénardy, C., Paquot, M., & Simon, A.-C. (2026). Former à l’écriture académique: le dispositif REDAC. Actes du Congrès Mondial de Linguistique française, 33. (Original work published 2026)
Chapitre de livre
Jadoulle, P., Dubois, T., Degrave, P., & Paquot, M. (2026). Developing a Survey on Motivations, Attitudes, and Challenges of Non-Native Participants in English-Taught MOOCs. In Kairit Tammets, Sergey Sosnovsky, Rafael Ferreira Mello, Gerti Pishtari, Tanya Nazaretsky (eds.) (ed.), Two Decades of TEL. From Lessons Learnt to Challenges Ahead. EC-TEL 2025. Lecture Notes in Computer Science (p. p. 169-174). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-03873-9_19
Paquot, M. (2026). Lexical and phraseological complexity in learner language. In R. Reppen, D. Biber, L. Goulart (ed.), The Cambridge Handbook of Corpus Linguistics (2nd edition, pp. 142-158). Cambridge University Press.
Article de journal
Paquot, M., & Naets, H. (2025). Phraseological sophistication as a multidimensional construct: Exploring the relationship between association, register specificity and frequency. International Journal of Learner Corpus Research, 11(1), 217-244. https://doi.org/10.1075/ijlcr.23033.paq (Original work published 2025)
Thwaites, P., & Paquot, M. (2025). Testing crowdsourcing as a means of recruitment for the comparative judgment of L2 argumentative essays. Journal of Second Language Writing, 68(forth), 101207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jslw.2025.101207 (Original work published 2025)
Rivera Villa, D., Frenay, M., Paquot, M., de Montpellier d’Annevoie, P., & Swaen, V. (2025). Beyond the process: A novel analytical model to examine knowledge construction in MOOC forums. Computers & Education. Accepted/in-press. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2025.105342 (Original work published 2025)
Thwaites, P., Jadoulle, P., & Paquot, M. (2025). Comparative judgment in L2 writing assessment: Reliability and validity across crowdsourced, community-driven, and trained rater groups of judges. Assessing Writing, 65, 100937. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2025.100937 (Original work published 2025)
Rubin, R., Bram Bulté, Paquot, M., & Alex Housen. (2025). Exploring complexity at the lexis-grammar interface: diversity and sophistication of verb-argument structures in L2 Dutch writing. Journal of Second Language Writing, 67(x), x. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jslw.2025.101183 (Original work published 2025)
Nera, K., Frenay, M., & Paquot, M. (2025). Improving argumentation quality on MOOC discussion forums: does learning to identify components of arguments help? Research and Practice in Technology Enhanced Learning, 20. https://doi.org/10.58459/rptel.2025.20017 (Original work published 2025)
Larsson, T., Callies, M., Tülay, D., Hasselgard, H., Hober, N., Laso Natalia Judith, Van Vuuren, S., Verdaguer, I., & Paquot, M. (2025). Adverb placement in L1 and L2 spoken production: The effect of linguistic and extralinguistic factors. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics, 30(1), 79-105. https://doi.org/10.1075/ijcl.23047.lar (Original work published 2025)
Paquot, M. (2025). Complexity Is a “Markedly Complex Idea”—But How Complex Should It Be to Serve as a Useful Construct in Second Language Research? : A Commentary on “Complexity and Difficulty in Second Language Acquisition : A Theoretical and Methodological Overview. Language Learning, 75(2), 603-606. https://doi.org/10.1111/lang.12696 (Original work published 2025)
Thwaites, P., Vandeweerd, N., & Paquot, M. (2025). Crowdsourced comparative judgement for evaluating learner texts: How reliable are judges recruited from an online crowdsourcing platform? Applied Linguistics, 46(4), 611-628. https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/amae048 (Original work published 2025)
Dubois, T., Paquot, M., & Szmrecsanyi, B. (2025). Future-time reference in spoken EFL: More complex than in ENL? Journal of second language studies, 8(1), 89-118. https://doi.org/10.1075/jsls.00030.dub (Original work published 2025)
Papier de conférence
Frey, J.-C., König, A., Naets, H., Stemle, E., & Paquot, M. (2025). LC-meta: A core metadata schema for L2 data. Learner Corpus Research Graduate Conference 2025, Chemnitz University of Technology, Germany (online).
Wang, T., Paquot, M., Dandan Zhou, & et al. (2025). Validating Automated Measures of Phraseological Competence in L2 Speaking: Evidence from Human Judgments. 10th Symposium on Corpus Approaches to Lexicogrammar, Online.
Vaughan, G., & Paquot, M. (2025). Disentangling the Construct of Phraseological Sophistication: A Validation Study with Human Judgments. 78th Studentische Tagung Sprachwissenschaft (StuTS), Stuttgart, Germany.
Frey, J.-C., König, A., Naets, H., Stemle, E., & Paquot, M. (2025). LC-meta: A core metadata schema for learner corpora. Große Lernerkorpora - Möglichkeiten und Grenzen, Universitat Leipzig.
Wang, T., Paquot, M., & Zhou, D. (2025). Exploring the Construct of Phraseological Competence: Perspectives from Human Raters Through Comparative Judgment. Linguists Day of the Linguistic Society of Belgium (LSB) 2025, KU Leuven.
De Cock, S., Egbert, J., Gilquin, G., Granger, S., Grixoni, F., Holmberg, A. J., Jadoulle, P., Larsson, T., & Paquot, M. (2025). The STAR corpus: Student speech and writing across registers. Register and task variation in Learner Corpus Research (VAR4LCR) conference, Université catholique de Louvain.
Jadoulle, P., Dubois, T., Degrave, P., & Paquot, M. (2025). Experiencing MOOCs in English: A proficiency-based perspective. Linguists’ Day of the Linguistic Society of Belgium, KU Leuven.
Chapitre de livre
Stemle, E., König, A., Liu, N., Frey, J.-C., Paquot, M., & Russo, M. (2025). Towards FAIR metadata for specialised corpora: a community-informed empirical study of schema development in two communities. In C. Grisot, T. Kontino (ed.), CLARIN Annual Conference Proceedings 2025 (pp. 68-71). CLARIN.
Article de journal
Rivera Villa, D., Frenay, M., & Paquot, M. (2024). The role of MOOC forum discussion tasks in learners’ cognitive engagement. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 40(5), 2103-2120. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcal.13001 (Original work published 2024)
Paquot, M., König, A., Stemle, E., & Frey, J.-C. (2024). The Core Metadata Schema for Learner Corpora (LC-meta): Collaborative efforts to advance data discoverability, metadata quality and study comparability in L2 research. International Journal of Learner Corpus Research, 10(2), 280-300. https://doi.org/10.1075/ijlcr.24010.paq (Original work published 2024)
Thwaites, P., Kollias, C., & Paquot, M. (2024). Is CJ a valid, reliable form of L2 writing assessment when texts are long, homogeneous in proficiency, and feature heterogeneous prompts? Assessing Writing, 60(April 2024), 100843. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2024.100843 (Original work published 2024)
Goëtz, S., & Paquot, M. (2024). Ten years of the International Journal of Learner Corpus Research. International Journal of Learner Corpus Research, 10(2), 241-246. https://doi.org/10.1075/ijlcr.00052.ten (Original work published 2024)
Paquot, M. (2024). Learner corpus research: a critical appraisal and roadmap for contributing (more) to SLA research agendas. Corpus Linguistics and Linguistic Theory, 20(3), 567-590. https://doi.org/10.1515/cllt-2024-0014 (Original work published 2024)
Thwaites, P., & Paquot, M. (2024). Comparative Judgement for advancing research in applied linguistics. Research methods in applied linguistics, 3(3), 100142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rmal.2024.100142 (Original work published 2024)
Papier de conférence
Thwaites, P., & Paquot, M. (2024). Comparative judgement as a foreign language assessment tool: an overview of the Crowdsourcing Language Assessment Project. Language Testing Research Colloquium, Innsbruck, Austria.
Jadoulle, P., Thwaites, P., & Paquot, M. (2024). Enriching L2 writing data with community-driven vs. crowdsourced comparative judgement: a validity study. EuroSLA33, Montpellier.
De Cock, S., De Meyere, D., Degand, E., François, T., Gilquin, G., Granger, S., Huang, D., Lefer, M.-A., Naets, H., Paquot, M., Van Goethem, K., Watrin, P., & Souza Wilkens, R. (2024). CLARIN Knowledge Centre for Learner Corpora. Learner Corpus Research 2024, University of Tartu, Estonia.
Dubois, T., Paquot, M., Szmrecsanyi, B., & et al. (2024). How do probabilistic grammars develop in spoken EFL? The influence of proficiency level on the choice between will and be going to. ICAME45, Vigo, Spain.
Paquot, M. (2024). Metadata and best practices for open learner corpora. CLARIN-CH WG Learner corpora and SLA workshop, online.
Nicolas, L., Stemle, E., Paquot, M., Naets, H., & König, A. (2024). A call for more data-oriented reporting in Learner Corpus Research. Learner Corpus Research 2024, University of Tartu, Estonia.
Vandeweerd, N., Thwaites, P., & Paquot, M. (2024). Crowdsourcing L2 proficiency assessment using comparative judgement: What is really important to novice judges? EuroSLA33, Montpellier.
Vandeweerd, N., Thwaites, P., & Paquot, M. (2024). Using crowdsourced comparative judgement and rubric-based rating to grade texts in the ICLE corpus: a report on reliability and validity. Learner Corpus Research 2024, Tartu, Estonia.
Papier de conférence
Thwaites, P., Paquot, M., & et al. (2023). Crowdsourced comparative judgement of L2 writing: Does a narrow proficiency range reduce test reliability? ALTE 8th International Conference, Madrid.
Paquot, M. (2023). CLARIN – Knowledge Centre for Learner Corpora: objectives and current (collaborative) initiatives. CLARIN Annual Conference 2023, KULeuven, Belgium.
Paquot, M. (2023). Le projet Varieties of English for Specific Purposes dAtabase (VESPA) : Constitution du corpus, méthodes d’analyse et exploitation. « Corpus d’apprenants / corpus d’experts : quels enseignements pour la caractérisation du discours scientifique? », Université Paris Cité, France.
Paquot, M. (2023). Theoretical foundations and construct validity in L2 complexity research: Zooming in on phraseological complexity. Belgian Association of Anglicists in Higher Education (BAAHE) conference, KULeuven, Belgium.
Thwaites, P., Kollias, C., & Paquot, M. (2023). Comparative judgement for L2 writing assessment: Do narrow proficiency range and homogeneous topics affect reliability? The 32nd Conference of the European Second Language Association (EuroSLA32), Birmingham, UK.
Thwaites, P., Vandeweerd, N., Paquot, M., & et al. (2023). Comparative judgement for L2 writing assessment: are expert judges necessary? EALTA Joint Special Interest Group Meeting for the Assessment of Writing and Academic Purposes, Helsinki.
Frey, J.-C., König, A., Stemle, E., & Paquot, M. (2023). Core Metadata Schema for L2 data. 32nd conference of the European Second Language Association (EUROSLA), University of Birmingham.
Paquot, M. (2023). Bringing the Law of Comparative Judgment into the methodological toolbox of learner corpus researchers. Graduate Student Conference in Learner Corpus Research, online.
Paquot, M. (2023). The Core Metadata Schema for L2 data: Collaborative efforts towards improved data findability, metadata quality and study comparability in L2 research. “Corpus Linguistics and Applied Linguistics Research” series of online talks, Universidad de Murcia, Spain (online).
Thwaites, P., Vandeweerd, N., & Paquot, M. (2023). Comparative judgement for L2 writing assessment: are expert judges necessary? BAAHE 2023, Leuven, Belgium.
Thwaites, P., Kollias, C., & Paquot, M. (2023). Crowdsourced comparative judgement for L2 writing assessment: is high reliability still possible when texts are long, homogeneous in proficiency, and topically diverse? BKL-CBL Linguists Day 2023, Antwerp, Belgium.
Nera, K., Frenay, M., & Paquot, M. (2023). Améliorer les compétences argumentatives sur les plateformes d’apprentissage en ligne. Institute for Language and Communication (ILC) Poster Day, UCLouvain.
Article de journal
Vandeweerd, N., Paquot, M., & Alex Housen. (2023). Comparing the longitudinal development of phraseological complexity across oral and written tasks. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 45(4), 787-811. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0272263122000389 (Original work published 2023)
Vandeweerd, N., Housen, A., & Paquot, M. (2023). Proficiency at the lexis-grammar interface: Comparing oral versus written French exam tasks. Language Testing, 40(3), 658-683. (Original work published 2023)
Dubois, T., Grafmiller, J., Paquot, M., & Szmrecsanyi, B. (2023). Animacy effects in the English genitive alternation: comparing native speakers and EFL learner judgments with corpus data. Language and Cognition, 16(3), 624-646. https://doi.org/10.1017/langcog.2023.51 (Original work published 2024)
Dubois, T. (2023). Alternation phenomena and language proficiency: the genitive alternation in the spoken language of EFL learners. Corpus Linguistics and Linguistic Theory, 19(3), 427-450. https://doi.org/10.1515/cllt-2021-0078 (Original work published 2023)
Chapitre de livre
Paquot, M., & Tracy-Ventura, N. (2023). Using foreign and second language learner corpora. In Alison Mackey & Susan M. Gass (ed.), Current Approaches in Second Language Acquisition Research: A Practical Guide (p. p. 96-119). Wiley-Blackwell.
Papier de conférence
König, A., Frey, J.-C., Stemle, E., Glaznieks, A., & Paquot, M. (2022). Towards standardizing LCR metadata. Learner Corpus Research 6, Padua, Italy.
Paquot, M., Rubin, R., & Vandeweerd, N. (2022). Introducing the CLAP project: Adaptive Comparative Judgment as a community-based solution for enriching learner corpora with crowdsourced L2 proficiency assessment. Learner Corpus Research 6, Padua, Italy.
Gries, S. Th., & Paquot, M. (2022). Association measures in learner corpus research: problems and pointers for improvement. Learner Corpus Research 6, Padua, Italy.
Paquot, M., Thwaites, P., Rubin, R., & Vandeweerd, N. (2022). Enriching learner corpora with crowdsourced L2 proficiency assessment and the technique of adaptive comparative judgment. Linguists’ Day 2022, Liège, Belgium.
Gries, S. Th., & Paquot, M. (2022). Many association measures do not measure association (but frequency), and what to do about that. ICAME43, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK.
Paquot, M. (2022). Investigating phraseological complexity in learner language : from collocations to collostructions and other lexicogrammatical structures. Corpus Approaches to Lexicogrammar (LxGr), Edge Hill University, Cambridge.
Larsson, T., Callies, M., Dixon, T., Hasselgard, H., Hober, N., Laso, N. J., Verdaguer, I., van Vuuren, S., & Paquot, M. (2022). Adverb placement in L2 spoken production: The effect of linguistic and extralinguistic factors. ICAME43, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK.
Paquot, M., Paquot, M., & Simon, A.-C. (2022). Stades évolutifs de la compétence rédactionnelle à l’université : tentative de modélisation à partir de l’analyse quantitative de deux corpus d’écrits universitaires. Colloque E-CALM : Analyser de grands corpus scolaires et universitaires : des questions pour la recherche et pour la formation, Bordeaux.
Article de journal
Paquot, M., Rubin, R., & Vandeweerd, N. (2022). Crowdsourced Adaptive Comparative Judgment: A community-based solution for proficiency rating. Language Learning, 72(3 (2022)), 853-885. (Original work published 2022)
Paquot, M., Larsson, T., Hasselgard, H., Ebeling, S., De Meyere, D., Valentin, L., Laso, N. J., Verdaguer, I., & van Vuuren, S. (2022). The Varieties of English for Specific Purposes dAtabase (VESPA): Towards a multi-L1 and multi-register learner corpus of disciplinary writing. Research in Corpus Linguistics, 10(2), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.32714/ricl.10.02.02 (Original work published 2022)
Chapitre de livre
Paquot, M. (2022). Corpora and second language acquisition. In Jablonkai, R. R. & Csomay, E. (ed.), The Routledge Handbook of English Language Teaching and Learning. Routledge.
Paquot, M., Gablasova, D., Brezina, V., & Naets, H. (2022). Phraseological complexity in EFL learners’ spoken production across proficiency levels. In Leńko-Szymańska, L. & S. Götz (ed.), Complexity, Accuracy and Fluency in Learner Corpus Research (p. p. 115-136). Benjamins. https://doi.org/10.1075/scl.104.05paq
Document de travail
Granger, S., & Paquot, M. (2022). The Louvain English for Academic Purposes Dictionary Manual (CECL Papers 5).
Chapitre de livre
Tracy-Ventura, N., Paquot, M., & Myles, F. (2021). The future of corpora in SLA. In Tracy-Ventura, N. & Paquot, M. (ed.), The Routledge Handbook of Second Language Acquisition and Corpora. Routledge.
Le Bruyn, B., & Paquot, M. (2021). Learner Corpus Research and Second Language Acquisition: an attempt at bridging the gap. In Le Bruyn, B. & M. Paquot (ed.), Learner Corpus Research meets Second Language Acquisition. Cambridge University Press.
Rubin, R., Housen, A., & Paquot, M. (2021). Phraseological complexity as an index of L2 Dutch writing proficiency: A partial replication study. In Sylviane Granger (ed.) (ed.), Perspectives on the L2 phrasicon: The view from learner corpora. Multilingual Matters.
Larsson, T., Paquot, M., & Biber, D. (2021). On the importance of register in learner writing: A multi-dimensional approach. In Seoane, E. & Biber, D. (ed.), Corpus-based Approaches to Register Variation. Benjamins.
Paquot, M., Gries, S., & Yoder, M. (2021). Measuring lexicogrammar. In Winke, P. & T. Brunfaut (ed.), The Routledge Handbook of Second Language Acquisition and Language Testing. Routledge.
Tracy-Ventura, N., & Paquot, M. (2021). Second Language Acquisition and Corpora: an overview. In Tracy-Ventura, Nicole ; Paquot, Magali (ed.), The Routledge Handbook of Second Language Acquisition and Corpora. Routledge.
Paquot, M., Naets, H., & Gries, S. (2021). Using syntactic co-occurrences to trace phraseological complexity development in learner writing: verb + object structures in LONGDALE. In Le Bruyn, B. and Paquot, M. (eds) (ed.), Learner Corpus Research Meets Second Language Acquisition (p. pp. 122-147). Cambridge University Press.
Papier de conférence
Paquot, M., König, A., Rubin, R., & Vandeweerd, N. (2021). A community-based solution for large-scale proficiency rating: The Crowdsourcing Language Assessment Project (CLAP). EUROSLA30, Barcelona (online).
Vandeweerd, N., Alex Housen, & Paquot, M. (2021). The development of phraseological complexity across oral and written modes in L2 French. EUROPHRAS 2021, Louvain-la-Neuve.
Vandeweerd, N., Alex Housen, & Paquot, M. (2021). The longitudinal development of phraseological complexity in oral and written L2 French. AILA 2021, Groningen.
Paquot, M. (2021). Phraseological complexity in learner language : measurement, analysis and evaluation. EUROPHRAS2020, Louvain-la-Neuve.
Paquot, M. (2021). Measures of phraseological complexity: reliability and validity. AILA World Congress, University of Groningen, The Netherlands (online).
Article de journal
Paquot, M. (2021). De la fiabilité des annotations en linguistique appliquée. Belgium. Fonds voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek - Vlaanderen. Jaarverslag (Print Edition), 121(pas de numéro), 4. (Original work published 2021)
Vandeweerd, N., Housen, A., & Paquot, M. (2021). Applying Phraseological Complexity Measures to L2 French: A Partial Replication Study. International Journal of Learner Corpus Research, 7(2), 197-229. (Original work published 2021)
Monographie
Le Bruyn, B., & Paquot, M. (2021). Learner Corpus Research meets Second Language Acquisition. Cambridge University Press.
Tracy Ventura, N., & Paquot, M. (2021). The Routledge Handbook of Second Language Acquisition and Corpora. Routledge.
Article de journal
Larsson, T., Paquot, M., & Plonsky, L. (2020). Inter-rater reliability in Learner Corpus Research: Insights from a collaborative study on adverb placement. International Journal of Learner Corpus Research, 6(2), 237-251. https://doi.org/10.1075/ijlcr.20001.lar (Original work published 2020)
Paquot, M., & Callies, M. (2020). Promoting methodological expertise, transparency, replication, and cumulative learning: Introducing new manuscript types in the International Journal of Learner Corpus Research. International Journal of Learner Corpus Research, 6(2), 121-124. https://doi.org/10.1075/ijlcr.00014.edi (Original work published 2020)
Larsson, T., Callies, M., Hasselgård, H., Laso, N. J., Van Vuuren, S., Verdaguer, I., & Paquot, M. (2020). Adverb placement in EFL academic writing: Going beyond syntactic transfer. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics, 25(2), 155-184. (Original work published 2020)
Papier de conférence
Paquot, M. (2020). The Crowdsourcing Language Assessment Project (CLAP): An attempt at enriching learner corpora with crowdsourced L2 proficiency assessment. 1st enetCollect Webinar Series, online.
Paquot, M. (2020). Exploring phraseological complexity in learner corpora. Webinar hosted by the Graduate Program in Applied Linguistics (LAEL), Pontifical Catholic University of Sao Paulo, Brazil.
Paquot, M. (2020). Crowdsourcing as a means to democratize access to L2 enriched data: the case of L2 proficiency. 9th NLP4CALL workshop, 8th Swedish Language Technology Conference, Gothenburg.
Chapitre de livre
Paquot, M., & Larsson, T. (2020). Descriptive statistics and visualization with R. In Paquot Magali ; Gries Stefan (ed.) (ed.), The Practical Handbook of Corpus Linguistics. Springer.
Gries, S., & Paquot, M. (2020). Writing up a corpus-linguistic paper. In Paquot, M. & S. Th. Gries (ed.), A Practical Handbook of Corpus Linguistics. Springer.
Monographie
Granger, S., Dupont, M., Meunier, F., Naets, H., & Paquot, M. (2020). The International Corpus of Learner English. Version 3. Presses universitaires de Louvain.
Paquot, M., & Gries, S. (2020). The Practical Handbook of Corpus Linguistics. Springer.
Papier de conférence
Paquot, M. (2019). Expanding the scope of complexity research in SLA: a phraseological perspective. 5th Learner Corpus Research conference, Warsaw, Poland.
Paquot, M., Marsden, E., Plonsky, L., & Thompson, S. (2019). Open science in language learning research: IRIS and OASIS. EUROCALL 2019, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
Paquot, M., Rubin, R., Housen, A., & et al. (2019). Assessing the cross-linguistic validity of phraseological complexity measures as indices of L2 proficiency. Learner Corpus Research 2019, Warsaw, Poland.
Vandeweerd, N., Housen, A., Paquot, M., & et al. (2019). Phraseological Complexity as an Index of L2 French Writing Proficiency. 5th Learner Corpus Research Conference, Warsaw, Poland.
Paquot, M., Naets, H., & Gries, S. (2019). Tracing phraseological complexity development in a longitudinal learner corpus with verb + object co-occurrences. 2019 American Association of Applied Linguistics (AAAL) Conference, Atlanta, USA.
Granger, S., Dupont, M., Meunier, F., & Paquot, M. (2019). ICLEv3: An extended web-based version of the International Corpus of Learner English. 5th Learner Corpus Research conference, Warsaw, Poland.
Paquot, M. (2019). Assessing phraseological complexity with corpus-based metrics. Vocab@Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
Larsson, T., Paquot, M., & Biber, D. (2019). Using a multi-dimensional approach to explore register variation in learner writing. ICAME 40, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
Chapitre de livre
Paquot, M., Grafmiller, J., & Szmrecsanyi, B. (2019). Particle placement alternation in EFL learner vs. L1 speech: assessing the similarity of probabilistic grammars. In Andrea Abel, Aivars Glaznieks, Verena Lyding & Lionel Nicolas (ed.), Widening the Scope of Learner Corpus Research. Selected Papers from the Fourth Learner Corpus Research Conference (p. p. 71-92). Presses universitaires de Louvain.
Article de journal
Paquot, M. (2019). The phraseological dimension in interlanguage complexity research. Second Language Research, 35(1). https://doi.org/10.1177/0267658317694221 (Original work published 2019)
Chapitre de livre
Derrick, D., Paquot, M., & Plonsky, L. (2018). Interlingual vs. intralingual errors. In J. Liontas (ed.), TESOL Encyclopedia of English Language Teaching. Wiley.
Paquot, M. (2018). Corpus research for language learning and teaching. In Aek Phakiti,Peter De Costa, Luke Plonsky & Sue Starfield (ed.), Palgrave Handbook of Applied Linguistics Research Methodology. Palgrave Macmillan UK.
Paquot, M. (2018). Teaching Adjectives and Adverbs of Degree. In Liontas, J. I. (ed.), TESOL Encyclopedia of English Language Teaching. Wiley.
Papier de conférence
Larsson, T., Paquot, M., Callies, M., Hasselgard, H., Laso, N., Van Vuuren Sanne, & Verdaguer, I. (2018). Adverb placement in EFL academic writing: Going beyond syntactic transfer. 14th American Association for Corpus Linguistics (AACL) conference, Atlanta, USA.
Granger, S., & Paquot, M. (2018). The Louvain English for Academic Purposes Dictionary: From design to evaluation. 14th American Association for Corpus Linguistics (AACL) conference, Atlanta, USA.
Paquot, M. (2018). Phraseological complexity in learner language: a research programme. Symposium on language learning and use, Uppsala, Sweden.
Paquot, M. (2018). Linking up phraseology and complexity research in L2. Current issues in phraseology and its application in terminology/lexicography, Bergen, Norway.
Paquot, M., Broisson, Z., Brezina, V., Gablasova, D., & Naets, H. (2018). Assessing L2 oral performance with the help of relational co-occurrences. CogLing2018, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
Larsson, T., & Paquot, M. (2018). The impact of multiple coders: Examining inter-rater reliability in a study of adverb placement in student writing. Work-in-progress seminar on first-language and second-language writing, Uppsala, Sweden.
Granger, S., & Paquot, M. (2018). The Louvain English for Academic Purposes Dictionary: A combined reference, learning and teaching, and corpus retrieval tool. PLIN Day 2018: Technological innovation in language learning and teaching, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
Paquot, M., Brezina, V., Gablasova, D., & Naets, H. (2018). Relational co-occurrences as an index of oral proficiency in the Trinity Lancaster Learner Corpus. 14th American Association for Corpus Linguistics (AACL) conference, Atlanta, USA.
Paquot, M. (2018). A selected overview of corpus-based phraseological studies and their applications in applied linguistics. Current issues in phraseology and its application in terminology/lexicography” doctoral seminar, Bergen, Norway.
Article de journal
Paquot, M. (2018). Phraseological competence: a useful toolbox to delimitate CEFR levels in higher education? Insights from a study of EFL learners’ use of statistical collocations. Language Assessment Quarterly, 15(1), 29-43. https://doi.org/10.1080/15434303.2017.1405421 (Original work published 2018)
Article de journal
Paquot, M., & Plonsky, L. (2017). Quantitative research methods and study quality in learner corpus research. International Journal of Learner Corpus Research, 3(1), 61-94. (Original work published 2017)
Paquot, M. (2017). L1 Frequency in Foreign Language Acquisition: Recurrent Word Combinations in French and Spanish EFL Learner Writing. Second Language Research, 33(1), 13-32. https://doi.org/10.1177/0267658315620265 (Original work published 2017)
De Cock, B., Paquot, M., & Van Goethem, K. (2017). Papers of the Linguistic Society of Belgium 2017. Papers of the Linguistic Society of Belgium, 11(1), 142 p. (Original work published 2017)
Papier de conférence
Paquot, M. (2017). Phraseological complexity in English writing by French EFL learners. Learner Corpus based approaches to Second Language Acquisition, Utrecht.
Paquot, M., Grafmiller, J., & Szmrecsanyi, B. (2017). Particle placement alternation in EFL learner speech vs. native and ESL spoken Englishes: core probabilistic grammar and/or L1-specific preferences? 4th Learner Corpus Research Conference, Bolzano, Italy.
Paquot, M. (2017). Phraseological complexity in EFL learner writing across proficiency levels. UCREL / SLLAT seminar, Lancaster.
Paquot, M., Grafmiller, J., & Szmrecsanyi, B. (2017). Particle placement alternation in EFL learner vs. L1 speech: core probabilistic grammar and/or L1-specific preferences? Learner Corpus Research 2017, Bolzano, Italy.
Paquot, M., & Naets, H. (2017). The role of the reference corpus in studies of EFL learners’ use of statistical collocations. ICAME38, Pragues, Czech Republic.
Granger, S., & Paquot, M. (2017). Putting the Louvain English for Academic Purposes Dictionary to the test: Implicit vs. explicit feedback. ELEX2017: Lexicography from scratch, Leiden, The Netherlands.
Granger, S., & Paquot, M. (2017). Towards standardization of metadata for L2 corpora. CLARIN workshop on Interoperability of Second Language Resources and Tools, Gothenburg, Sweden.
Papier de conférence
Paquot, M. (2016). EFL phraseological development: Insights from learner corpora. English Profile Seminar, University of Cambridge.
Paquot, M. (2016). Particle placement alternations in EFL learner speech: core probabilistic grammar and/or EFL-specific preferences? Probabilistic variation across dialects and varieties’ workshop, Leuven.
Paquot, M. (2016). The role of the lexis-grammar interface in L2 complexity research. 7th conference of the Formulaic Network Conference (FLaRN), Vilnius, Lithuania.
Article de journal
Granger, S., & Paquot, M. (2015). Electronic lexicography goes local: Design and structures of a needs-driven online academic writing aid. Lexicographica : international annual for lexicography, 31(1), 118-141. (Original work published 2015)
Callies, M., & Paquot, M. (2015). An interview with Yukio Tono. International Journal of Learner Corpus Research, 1(1), 160-171. (Original work published 2015)
Callies, M., & Paquot, M. (2015). Learner Corpus Research: An interdisciplinary field on the move. International Journal of Learner Corpus Research, 1(1), 1-6. (Original work published 2015)
Papier de conférence
Paquot, M. (2015). The lexis-grammar interface in learner language: From learner corpus data to applications. Second Language Research Forum (SLRF), Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Paquot, M., & Plonsky, L. (2015). Quantitative research methods and study quality in learner corpus research. Learner Corpus Research 2015, Nijmegen, Netherlands.
Paquot, M., & Naets, H. (2015). Using relational co-occurrences to trace phraseological development in a longitudinal corpus. EUROSLA25, Aix-en-Provence, France.
Paquot, M. (2015). Phraseological competence in a cross-sectional ESP learner corpus: Implications for language assessment and testing. VALILEX seminar series, Leuven.
Paquot, M. (2015). Bridging the gap between syntactic complexity and lexical diversity research: Phraseology – the keystone? XXXIII Congreso International de la Asociación Española de Lingüística Aplicada (AESLA), Madrid, Spain.
Paquot, M. (2015). Phraseological indices of writing proficiency at the B2 vs. C1 levels in an ESP learner corpus: Implications for language testing for academic purposes. 46th Conference of the Association of Language Testers in Europe (ALTE): The B2/C1 levels and language tests for academic purposes, Bergen, Norway.
Paquot, M., & Naets, H. (2015). Adopting a relational model of co-occurrences to trace phraseological development. Learner Corpus Research 2015, Nijmegen, Netherlands.
Paquot, M., & Biber, D. (2015). The impact of genre on EFL learner writing: A Multi-Dimensional Analysis Perspective. ICAME 36: Words, words, words - Corpora and Lexis, Trier, Germany.
Chapitre de livre
Granger, S., & Paquot, M. (2015). Lexical Verbs in Academic Discourse: A Corpus-driven Study of Learner Use. In Helen Basturkmen (ed.), English for Academic Purposes. Routledge.
Jarvis, S., & Paquot, M. (2015). Native language identification. In Granger S. ; Gilquin G. ; Meunier F. (ed.), Cambridge Handbook of Learner Corpus Research. Cambridge University Press.
Paquot, M. (2015). Lexicography and phraseology. In Biber, D.; Reppen, R. (ed.), The Cambridge Handbook of Corpus Linguistics. Cambridge University Press.
Papier de conférence
Granger, S., & Paquot, M. (2014). The Louvain EAP dictionary: Catering for general and specific academic writing needs. Journée linguistique du Cercle Belge de Linguistique.
Paquot, M. (2014). Frequency effects and cross-linguistic influence: a corpus-based study of multiword discourse organizers and stance markers in French vs. Spanish learner writing. Journée linguistique du Cercle Belge de Linguistique, Antwerpen.
Paquot, M. (2014). An integrated approach to phraseology in EFL learner writing. American Association of Corpus Linguistics, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, USA.
Granger, S., & Paquot, M. (2014). The Louvain EAP Dictionary (LEAD): A tailor-made web-based tool for non-native academic writers of English. American Association of Corpus Linguistics, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, USA.
Paquot, M. (2014). Is there a role for the lexis-grammar interface in interlanguage complexity research? Colloquium on cross-linguistic aspects of complexity in second language research, Vrije Universiteit Brussel.
Paquot, M. (2014). Corpus d’apprenants et phraséologie. Phraséologie et routines dans différents genres de l’écrit, symposium organisé dans le cadre de la conférence internationale ‘Writing Research across Borders’, Paris, France.
Paquot, M. (2014). Formulaic language in French EFL learner writing: cross-linguistic influence, discourse functions and L1 frequency effects. Forskningsserien om AndraSpråk, Stockholm, Suède.
Chapitre de livre
Paquot, M. (2014). Cross-linguistic influence and formulaic language: recurrent word sequences in French learner writing. In Leah Roberts; Ineke Vedder; Jan Hulstijn (ed.), EUROSLA Yearbook (pp. 216-237). John Benjamins Publishing.
Paquot, M. (2014). Cross-linguistic influence and formulaic language: recurrent word sequences in French learner writing. In Leah Roberts; Ineke Vedder; Jan Hulstijn (ed.), EUROSLA Yearbook (pp. 216-237). John Benjamins Publishing.
Chapitre de livre
Paquot, M., Hasselgård, H., & Ebeling, S. (2013). Writer/reader visibility in learner writing across genres: A comparison of the French and Norwegian components of the ICLE and VESPA learner corpora. In Granger S.; Gilquin G.; Meunier F. (ed.), Twenty Years of Learner Corpus Research (pp. 377-388). Presses Universitaires de Louvain.
Granger, S., & Paquot, M. (2013). Language for Specific Purposes Learner Corpora. In Chapelle C.A. (ed.), The Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics. Blackwell-Wiley.
Papier de conférence
Paquot, M. (2013). Cross-linguistic influence and formulaic language: French EFL learners’ use of recurrent word sequences under scrutiny. Learner Corpus Research 2013, Bergen, Norway.
Paquot, M. (2013). Transfer effects on French EFL learners’ use of textual phrasemes. EUROSLA23, Amsterdam.
Paquot, M. (2013). L1 frequency effects in input-poor environments: A corpus-based study of word combinations in learner writing. Second Language Research Forum, Provo, Utah, USA.
Granger, S., Verlinde, S., Blanpain, K., Lefer, M.-A., Paquot, M., & Roberfroid, L. (2013). The KUCL trilingual university terminology database: A dynamic web-based tool. eLexicography in the 21st century: thinking outside the paper, Tallinn, Estonia.
Article de journal
Paquot, M. (2013). Lexical bundles and L1 transfer effects. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics, 18(3), 391-417. https://doi.org/10.1075/ijcl.18.3.06paq (Original work published 2013)
Chapitre de livre
Paquot, M. (2012). The LEAD dictionary-cum-writing aid: an integrated dictionary and corpus tool. In Granger, S.; Paquot, M. (ed.), Electronic Lexicography (p. p. 163-185). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199654864.003.0009
Jarvis, S., & Paquot, M. (2012). Exploring the role of n-grams in L1 identification. In Jarvis Scott; Crossley Scott (ed.), Approaching Transfer through Text Classification: Explorations in the Detection-based Approach (pp. 71-105). Multilingual Matters.
Gilquin, G., Granger, S., & Paquot, M. (2012). Learner corpora: The missing link in EAP pedagogy. In Douglas Biber; Randi Reppen (ed.), Corpus Linguistics. Volume IV: Methods and Applications (pp. 315-334). Sage Publications.
Jarvis, S., Bestgen, Y., Crossley, S., Granger, S., Paquot, M., Thewissen, J., & McNamara, D. (2012). The comparative and combined contributions of n-grams, Coh-Metrix indices, and error types in the L1 classification of learner texts. In Jarvis S.; Crossley S. (ed.), Approaching Transfer through Text Classification: Explorations in the Detection-based Approach (pp. 154-177). Multilingual Matters.
Papier de conférence
Paquot, M. (2012). Corpus data and corpus tools in the LEAD dictionary. Netzwerk Internetlexikografie Workshop on ‘Automatic extraction of lexicographical information’, European Academy of Bolzano, Italy.
Paquot, M., & Lefer, M.-A. (2012). Fuzzy feedback in the compilation of the UCL-K.U.Leuven University Terminology Database. Symposium “Ihr Beitrag bitte! – Der Nutzerbeitrag im Wörterbuchprozess”, GAL-Kongress “Wörter – Wissen – Wörterbücher”, Erlangen, Germany.
Paquot, M. (2012). EFL writing in the disciplines: Insights from the VESPA learner corpus. 5th WU Symposium on International Business Communication, “What is specific about teaching languages for specific purposes? Learning from and across individual disciplines”, WU Vienna, Austria.
Monographie
Granger, S., & Paquot, M. (2012). Electronic Lexicography. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199654864.001.0001
Article de journal
Paquot, M., & Granger, S. (2012). Formulaic language in learner corpora. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 32, 130-149. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0267190512000098 (Original work published 2012)
Chapitre de livre
Gilquin, G., Meunier, F., De Cock, S., & Paquot, M. (2011). Putting Corpora to good uses: A guided tour. In Meunier F.; Gilquin G.; Paquot M. (ed.), A Taste for Corpora. In Honour of Sylviane Granger (pp. 1-6). John Benjamins Publishing Company. https://doi.org/10.1075/scl.45.04coc
Papier de conférence
Paquot, M., Hasselgård, H., & Oksefjell Ebeling, S. (2011). Writer/reader visibility in learner writing across genres. A comparison of the French and Norwegian components of the ICLE and VESPA learner corpora. Language for Specific Purposes Learner Corpora Workshop, Learner Corpus Research 2011, Louvain-la-Neuve (Belgium).
Paquot, M. (2011). The Internet: an opportunity for dictionary makers and users. eLexicography in the 21st century: New applications for new users, Bled, Slovenia.
Paquot, M. (2011). Towards a genre-based approach to the lexicographical treatment of phraseology in electronic monolingual learner’s dictionaries. eLexicography in the 21st century: New applications for new users, Bled (Slovenia).
Paquot, M. (2011). Dictionary-cum-corpus: A step towards more customisation in pedagogical lexicography? Corpus Linguistics 2011, Birmingham (UK).
Granger, S., & Paquot, M. (2011). The Louvain EAP dictionary: From corpus to dictionary and back. Fourth International BAAHE Conference: Facing Present, Past and Future, Hogeschool-Universiteit Brussel.
Monographie
Meunier, F., De Cock, S., Gilquin, G., & Paquot, M. (2011). A Taste for Corpora. In Honour of Sylviane Granger. John Benjamins Publishing Company. https://doi.org/10.1075/scl.45
Document de travail
Paquot, M., Oksefjell Ebeling, S., & Valentin, L. (2011). The VESPA tagging manual.
Papier de conférence
Paquot, M. (2010). The study of word combinations through the prism of corpus linguistics: phraseology upside down.
Paquot, M. (2010). Statistics for Learner Corpus Research. ASKeladden symposium, University of Bergen (Norway).
Granger, S., & Paquot, M. (2010). A customizable dictionary-cum-CALL resource for EAP writing. 1st International Conference on Interdisciplinary Research in Technology, Education and Communication, Kortrijk (Belgium).
Granger, S., & Paquot, M. (2010). The Louvain EAP Dictionary. In Dykstra A.; Schoonheim T. (ed.), Proceedings of the XIV Euralex International Congress (pp. 321-326).
Granger, S., & Paquot, M. (2010). Customising a general EAP dictionary to meet learner needs. Proceedings of ELEX2009. In Granger S.; Paquot M. (ed.), ELexicography in the 21st century: New Challenges, new applications (pp. 87-96). Presses universitaires de Louvain.
Quiévy, N., Jacquet, N., Sclavons, M., Deroanne, C., Paquot, M., & Devaux, J. (2010). Influence of homogenization and drying on the thermal stability of microfibrillated cellulose. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 95(3), 306-314. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2009.11.020 (Original work published 2010)
Monographie
Paquot, M. (2010). Academic vocabulary in learner writing: from extraction to analysis. Continuum.
Granger, S., & Paquot, M. (2010). ELexicography in the 21st century: new challenges, new applications. Presses Universitaires de Louvain.
Chapitre de livre
De Cock, S., & Paquot, M. (2010). The monolingual learners’ dictionary as a productive tool: the contribution of learner corpora. In Campoy M. C.; Belles-Fortuno B.; Gea-Valor M.-L. (ed.), Corpus-Based Approaches to English Language Teaching (pp. 195-204). Continuum.
Document de travail
Paquot, M., Valentin, L., & Oksefjell Ebeling, S. (2010). The VESPA tagging manual.
Papier de conférence
Granger, S., & Paquot, M. (2009). In search of a General Academic Vocabulary: A Corpus-driven Study. In Katsampoxaki-Hodgetts K. (ed.), Options and Practices of LSP Practitioners (pp. 94-108). University of Crete Publications.
Granger, S., & Paquot, M. (2009). Academic vocabulary: myth or reality? ICAME30, Lancaster.
Chapitre de livre
Granger, S., & Paquot, M. (2009). Lexical verbs in academic discourse: a corpus-driven study of learner use. In Charles M.; Pecorari D.; Hunston S. (ed.), Academic Writing: At the Interface of Corpus and Discourse (pp. 193-214). Continuum.
Paquot, M., & Bestgen, Y. (2009). Distinctive words in academic writing: a comparison of three statistical tests for keyword extraction. In Jucker A.; Schreier D.; Hundt M. (ed.), Corpora: Pragmatics and Discourse. Papers from the 29th International Conference on English Language Research on Computerized Corpora (ICAME 29) (pp. 247-269). Rodopi.
Monographie
Granger, S., Dagneaux, E., Meunier, F., & Paquot, M. (2009). The International Corpus of Learner English. Version 2. Handbook and CD-Rom. Presses Universitaires de Louvain.
Papier de conférence
Paquot, M. (2008). Lifting the “methodological fog” that covers transfer studies: A combination of Granger’s (1996) Integrated Contrastive Model and Jarvis’s (2000) unified framework for transfer research. ASKeladden Opening Conference, Bergen (Norway).
Granger, S., & Paquot, M. (2008). Corpus d’apprenants et vocabulaire académique de l’anglais. Laboratoire de linguistique et didactique des langues étrangères et maternelles (LIDILEM), Université Stendhal Grenoble 3 (France).
Granger, S., & Paquot, M. (2008). From dictionary to phrasebook? In Bernal E.; De Cesaris J. (ed.), Proceedings of the XIII EURALEX International Congress (pp. 1345-1355).
Paquot, M., & Bestgen, Y. (2008). Taking corpus variability into account in keyword analysis. 29th ICAME conference, Ascona (Switzerland).
Chapitre de livre
Paquot, M. (2008). Exemplification in learner writing: a cross-linguistic perspective. In Granger S.; Meunier F. (ed.), Phraseology in Foreign Language Learning and Teaching (pp. 101-119). Benjamins.
Granger, S., & Paquot, M. (2008). Disentangling the phraseological web. In Granger S.; Meunier F. (ed.), Phraseology: An Interdisciplinary Perspective (pp. 27-49). Benjamins.
Article de journal
Gilquin, G., & Paquot, M. (2008). Too chatty: Learner academic writing and register variation. English Text Construction, 1(1), 41-61. https://doi.org/10.1075/etc.1.1.05gil (Original work published 2008)
Papier de conférence
Gilquin, G., & Paquot, M. (2007). Finding one’s voice in losing it. Learner academic writing and medium variation. Third BAAHE (British Association of Anglicists in Higher Education) conference, Leuven.
De Cock, S., & Paquot, M. (2007). The monolingual learners’ dictionary as a productive tool: the contribution of learner corpora. In Campoy M.C. (ed.), Corpus-Based Approaches to English Language Teaching (p. p. 195-204). Continuum.
Gilquin, G., Granger, S., Paquot, M., & Rundell, M. (2007). Writing skills, learner corpora and pedagogical dictionaries: a collaborative project. BALEAP annual conference, EAP in a globalising world: English as an academic lingua franca, Durham.
Gilquin, G., & Paquot, M. (2007). Making the most of Contrastive Interlanguage Analysis. 28th Conference of the International Computer Archive of Modern and Medieval English (ICAME 28), Stratford-upon-Avon.
Gilquin, G., & Paquot, M. (2007). Spoken features in learner academic writing: identification, explanation and solution. In Davies M.; Rayson P.; Hunston S.; Danielsson P. (ed.), Proceedings of the Fourth Corpus Linguistics Conference CL2007 (pp. 1-12). University of Birmingham.
Thèse
Paquot, M. (2007). EAP vocabulary in native and learner writing : from extraction to analysis : a phraseology-oriented approach.
Article de journal
Gilquin, G., Granger, S., & Paquot, M. (2007). Learner corpora: The missing link in EAP pedagogy. Journal of English for Academic Purposes, 6(4), 319-335. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeap.2007.09.007 (Original work published 2007)
Chapitre de livre
Paquot, M. (2007). Towards a productively-oriented academic word list. In Walinski J.; Kredens K.; Gozdz-Roszkowski S. (ed.), Practical Applications in Language and Computers 2005 (pp. 127-140). Peter Lang.
De Cock, S., Gilquin, G., Granger, S., Lefer, M.-A., Paquot, M., & Ricketts, S. (2007). Improve your writing skills. In Rundell Michael (ed.), Macmillan English Dictionary for Advanced Learners (second edition) (pp. IW1-IW50). Macmillan Education.
Chapitre de livre
Granger, S., Paquot, M., & Rayson, P. (2006). Extraction of multi-word units from EFL and native English corpora. The phraseology of the verb ‘make’. In Häcki Buhofer A.; Burger H. (ed.), Phraseology in Motion I: Methoden und Kritik. Akten der Internationalen Tagung zur Phraseologie (pp. 57-68). Schneider Verlag Hohengehren.
Papier de conférence
Paquot, M., & Fairon, C. (2006). Investigating L1-induced learner variability: using the Web as a source of L1 comparable data. International Computer Archive of Modern and Medieval English (ICAME) 27, University of Helsinki.
Paquot, M. (2006). Phraseology of EAP vocabulary in advanced learner writing: the role of transfer. Congreso Internacional de Fraseologia y Paremiologia, Santiago de Compostela y Lugo.
Paquot, M. (2006). EAP vocabulary in native and learner corpora: from extraction to analysis. Academic voices in Contrast Symposium (PhD workshop), University of Bergen (Norway).
Papier de conférence
Paquot, M. (2005). EAP vocabulary in learner corpora: a cross-linguistic perspective. Phraseology 2005: The Many Faces of Phraseology, Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium.
Granger, S., & Paquot, M. (2005). The phraseology of EFL academic writing: Methodological issues and research findings. ICAME 26 (International Computer Archive of Modern and Medieval English) - AAACL 6 (American Association of Applied Corpus Linguistics), University of Michigan.
Monographie
Cosme, C., Gouverneur, C., Meunier, F., & Paquot, M. (2005). Proceedings of the Praseology 2005 Conference.
